The study is a secondary analysis of data collected via the VP Transform for Prediabetes program. Deidentified data were collected from baseline to 12 months. Two outcomes were assessed: weight loss and changes in levels of physical activity. Physical activity was calculated by adding the total reported weekly minutes of physical activity (measured from the Fitbit device).

VP Transform for Prediabetes is a 12-month intervention that uses the CDC’s DPP program structure by delivering the program in two phases: the 4 months of high-frequency core intervention followed by 8 months of complementary maintenance programming to support the new health behaviors.

VP Transform for Prediabetes participants were recruited via a marketing channel partner. Participants received packages in the mail that included a wireless weight scale by BodyTrace, Inc and a wearable activity tracker by Fitbit, Inc (Flex 2 model).

Participants were eligible for the digital DPP if they met the following conditions: scored ≥9 on the online survey adapted from the CDC prediabetes screening tool or ≥5 on the American Diabetes Association risk screening tool and/or indicated prediabetes diagnosis through a recent blood test (self-reported, within the last 12 months); had a BMI of ≥25 kg/m² (≥23 kg/m² if self-identified as Asian); were ≥18 years of age; recorded their weight during the program; had a smartphone with an up-to-date operating system; had regular access to Wi-Fi; enrolled in the program between October 2017 and October 2018; had never previously participated in the program; did not have type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, or end stage renal disease; and were not pregnant at the time of enrollment.

In addition to these, the following engagement criteria requirements were applied: time from the first lesson to the last lesson is at least 9 months, where a lesson is defined as completing the quiz or completing a remote session with their coach; has at least two weight readings: a baseline weight reading and a second weight reading, which takes place within a 2-week buffer from day 1 of month 12 and the last day of month 12; and engagement in the Core Phase and Maintenance Phase where engagement events include: stepping on the scale, engaging in a coaching session with a coach, posting in a group chat, logging in at least 3 meals in a lesson period, completing the quiz in 5 of the first 22 (core and biweekly) weeks. An individual had to have at least two engagement events in months 1 to 5, and at least two engagement events in 3 months between months 6 to 12.

The engagement criteria are adapted from the CDC’s Diabetes Prevention Recognition Program (DPRP) requirements (2018). According to the DPRP, participant data must meet the following criteria to be qualified for preliminary or full recognition: attend at least 3 sessions in the first 6 months and whose time from the first session to the last session is at least 9 months, and at least 60% of participants attend at least 3 sessions in months 7 to 12.

Two outcomes were measured for this study: weight loss and physical activity. Weight loss was calculated in pounds and percent of initial body weight lost. A scale was used to measure weight, with weight loss being calculated as the weight measurement subtracted from the initial body weight. Physical activity was measured using a fitness tracker, which measured daily physical activity in minutes if the activity was at least 15 minutes long. For this study, physical activity was examined as total physical activity per week, calculated as the sum of physical activity each day for each week.

The Health Research Ethics Board in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada reviewed and approved this secondary analysis.

Of the 3184 individuals who enrolled in the Transform program, 2089 did not meet the inclusion criteria to be included in the study (Figure 2). After completing month 9 of the program, 13.7% (150/1095) of participants were lost to follow-up by month 12. This response rate is consistent with other studies using online surveys [30].

A total of 1095 participants (1095/3184, 34.3%) were included in the analysis. Table 1 shows the sample demographics. Our sample had a mean age of 53.6 years and was 67.67% (n=741) female.

At enrollment, the average starting weight was 204.5 (SD 42.9) lbs. After participation in the VP Transform for Prediabetes program for a minimum of 9 months, the average weight was 191.4 (SD 41.27) lbs, resulting in an average weight loss of 11.4 lbs and 5.5% weight loss. Table 2 shows the results from the generalized estimating equation. Physical activity was significantly associated with weight loss (Table 3).

At baseline (n=1095), participant’s average total physical activity per week was 66.97 minutes. After participating in the 16-week core curriculum of the program, the average increased to 154.90 minutes per week (n=1095). At the end of the study period, the average number of physical activity minutes per week was 132.94 (n=945; Table 4).

At baseline, the mean physical activity was 66.9 minutes per week (n=1095). After completing the first 16 weeks of the program, participant’s average physical activity per week exceeded the 150 minutes per week goal at 154.9 minutes per week (n=1095). At the end of the study period, the physical activity decreased to 132.94 minutes (n=945); however, participants improved their physical activity by 88 minutes per week compared to baseline after completing the program. Mean weekly physical activity is shown in Figure 4, with participants meeting or exceeding 150 minutes after completing the 16-week core curriculum then decreased during the maintenance phase of the program.

Overall, participants either attained or surpassed the program goals. Weight and physical activity improved after completing 12 months of the VP Transform program. Mean weight decreased throughout the program (Figure 3). Similarly physical activity increased after participating in the 16-week core curriculum, with a slight decrease between month 4 and 12 after completing the program (Figure 4). After 12 months of completing the program, mean weight declined by 10.9 lbs (5.47% of total body weight, n=945), while physical activity per week increased by 65.97 minutes (n=945) compared to baseline. This illustrates that VP Transform for Prediabetes is effective at reducing body weight and improving physical activity after completing the program.

Prior data demonstrated the effectiveness of VP Transform after 4 months of completing the program [11]. We extend these findings by reporting results 12 months after beginning the program among a larger cohort of participants (n=945) compared to the previously reported study (n=273).

The mean weight declined by 10.9 lbs (5.47% of total body weight) among VP Transform for Prediabetes participants (n=945) who completed 12 months of the program. These are similar to, but slightly higher than, results reported in some previous studies. Sepah et al [31] reported a weight loss of 10 lbs after 12 months or 4.7% weight loss (n=187), Moin et al [30] found a mean weight change of 8.8 lbs after 12 months or 3.7% weight loss (n=268), and Gilis-Januszewska et al [32] found an average weight loss of 4.9 lbs at the 12-month follow-up among 105 participants (average percentage of weight loss not reported).

A systematic review of 22 studies analyzing diabetes prevention lifestyle interventions concluded an average mean weight loss of 5.1 lbs after 12 months [33]. Clinically significant weight loss is defined as at least a 5% reduction in weight from baseline levels [34] and is associated with improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors, such as reduction in blood lipids and improved insulin response [35-37]. Our results suggest that VP Transform for Prediabetes is effective at reducing participants’ risk of developing type 2 diabetes through sustained and clinically meaningful weight loss from baseline to 12 months.

It is difficult to compare the results of this study with previously published literature due to different interventions and duration examined. A systematic review by Cotterez et al [37] reported that only 1 study found statistically significant differences in activity levels for participants in web-based programs compared to those in a non–web-based control group. Furthermore, there is limited objective data regarding the effect of digital DPPs on physical activity [37].

This study was a retrospective longitudinal cohort study. As a result, results from this study may be due to factors other than VP Transform for Prediabetes. Participants were predominantly female, which may affect the generalizability of the study to both sexes. Additionally, there was also no control group, which would minimize the effect of all confounding variables and would strengthen the correlation between the intervention and the outcomes.

Although physical activity was measured, the intensity level was not differentiated between moderate and vigorous. This affected the ability to evaluate VP Transform for Prediabetes against the physical activity goal of 150 minutes of moderate physical activity each week. Using a Fitbit for physical activity does not account for when an individual is not wearing it. As a result, a reading of 0 may respond to an individual not wearing the device.

The primary strength of this study was the use of objective measurements from activity trackers and a weight scale. This study had a large sample size, which increases the generalizability of the results. Additionally, the relative lack of attrition during the 12-month period indicates that the impact found in this study is likely sustainable over time, which is a key feature of success in impacting chronic conditions such as diabetes.

Future studies should examine other aspects of the digital DPP, such as work productivity metrics, sleep, and diet. An experimental study should be included to assess the impact of VP Transform for Prediabetes factors on additional health risk outcomes and potential confounding variables such as ethnicity, income, geography, and gender. Examining the effects of specific engagement data could also be included. Lastly, a study examining the economic impact of VP Transform for Prediabetes would be beneficial.

VP Transform for Prediabetes significantly reduces body weight and results in an increase in total weekly physical activity minutes. The study’s findings highlight the effectiveness of the program in promoting meaningful changes to participants’ behaviors, leading to a reduction in their risk for type 2 diabetes.